Which cognitive process emphasizes critical thinking and problem-solving abilities?

The correct choice emphasizes the importance of engaging with material in a way that requires analysis, evaluation, and synthesis of information. Higher-order thinking involves skills such as critical thinking and problem-solving, which are essential for effectively addressing complex issues and making informed decisions. This cognitive process allows individuals to go beyond mere facts and rote memorization by fostering a deeper understanding of concepts and enhancing their ability to apply knowledge in varied contexts.

In contrast, options such as rote memorization, passive learning, and simple recall focus on lower-order cognitive skills. Rote memorization and simple recall rely on memorizing information without understanding its application or significance. Passive learning emphasizes a more unengaged approach to acquiring knowledge, where the learner does not actively interact with or critically assess the information being presented. Thus, these methods do not cultivate the advanced cognitive abilities that higher-order thinking does.