Which cognitive process emphasizes critical thinking and problem-solving abilities?

The cognitive process that emphasizes critical thinking and problem-solving abilities is higher-order thinking. This type of thinking goes beyond basic understanding and involves analyzing, evaluating, and creating based on what has been learned. It encourages individuals to use their knowledge in flexible ways to solve complex problems, think critically about information presented to them, and generate new ideas.

In contrast to methods such as rote memorization, which focuses on the ability to remember information without necessarily understanding it deeply, higher-order thinking requires a deeper cognitive engagement with material. Passive learning involves receiving information without active involvement or critical analysis, while simple recall only requires recognizing or retrieving information without the application of critical thought or problem-solving techniques. Higher-order thinking is thus integral for developing reasoning and the ability to approach challenges effectively.