Which part of the neuron receives incoming signals?

The dendrites are the parts of the neuron that receive incoming signals from other neurons or external stimuli. They are branched extensions that increase the surface area for communication with other neurons. When neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminals of a neighboring neuron, they bind to receptors on the dendrites, initiating the process of signal transmission.

The axon, in contrast, is responsible for transmitting impulses away from the cell body to other neurons or effector cells, not for receiving signals. The soma, or cell body, contains the nucleus and organelles but primarily serves to maintain the cell's health and processes signals that have been received. The myelin sheath is a fatty layer that insulates the axon and enhances the speed of signal transmission, but it does not play a role in receiving signals. Thus, the dendrites are specifically designed to capture incoming information which is essential for neuron communication and overall functioning of the nervous system.